Meaning of life - Life Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life Life Essay Life neverseems to be the waywe want it butwe have to liveit the bestwaywecan! There isnoperfectlife,but we can fill it with PERFECT MOMENTS HOPE END r always there for everyone! Depends on us how we deal with them.. A HOPELESS END! or An ENDLESS HOPE! The joy that u give to othersis d joy thatflows backinto ur life! A happy heart makes a cheerful face! May all ur days b as lovely as ur heart Destiny Is No Matter Of Chance, It Is A Matter Of Choice, It Is Not A Thing To Be Waited For, It Is A Thing To Be Achieved. When there is confusion between your heart and mind, Don`t listen to your mind because mind knows everything But your heart knows only U. The difference between a successful person And others is not a lack of strength, Not a lack of knowledge Rather lack of will. Success isn`t key 2 happiness.. but happiness is d key 2 success. so keep yourself happy 2 b happy successful.. We Will Open The Book. Its Pages Are Blank We Are Going To Put Words On Them Ourselves The Book Is Called OPPORTUNITY. Each Of Us Makes Our Own Weather Determines The Color Of The Skies In The Emotional Universe Which We Inhabit. Don`t Think About What You Have Got Think About How To Use It That You Have Got A paper flying in air isdue to its luck buta bird is flying due to its effort. So if luck is not with u,efforts are always there to support U Hard-work is like stairs and luck is like lift. Sometimes lift may fail but stairs will always take you to the top. Have a successful life. Fallen flowers can not climb back. So do not think about the past. Love the Present. Live for the Future, with a beautiful sweet Smile. 🙂 Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character Happy is he who acts as the `COLUMBUS` to his own soul. Beautiful Message by Mother Teresa: If you cannot love a person whom you see, then how can you love GOD whom you have never seen Experiences are like waves,They come to u on shore of life,Drag the sand from beneath your feet,But each wave makes u stand on a new base. If you worry about a trouble it becomes double but when u smile at it,itdisappears like a bubble so always smile atyour problem. keep smiling If people around you, are trying to pull you down. Be proud about it. B`coz it only means one thing that: YOU ARE ABOVE THEM sweetness in your speech talent in your mind love in your heart peace in your eyes strength in your hands I wish always victoryin your life Persistence Is The Twin Sister Of Excellence One Is A Matter Of Quality The Other A Matter Of Time Work For A Cause Not For Applause Live Life To Express Not To Impress Don`t Strive To Make our Presence Noticed Just Make Your Absence Felt. Luck is likesand in hands,Itwill sneak outthrough fingers,no matergripped firmly or heldloosely. Only hands inthe praying posture can save it It is better to cry than to be angry, because anger hurts others while tears flow silently threw the soul and cleanses the heart.. Do Good to Everyone Without Expecting Much.. As an old proverb says:-Some Fragrance always remains in HANDS of Those who Distribute ROSE..! An Airplane is Always Safe at GroundBut It`s not Made for That. So Always Take Some Meaningful Risks in Life to Achieve Great Pleasure. Very true line When nails grow long we cut nails, not our fingers. Similarly wn misunderstandings grow up, cut ur ego not ur relation! Simple line but great meaning Empty Pockets teaches million things in life But, Full Pockets spoil`s you in million ways. Personality is:Who we are and what we do when everybody is watching..! Character is:Who we are and what we do when Nobody is watching. Frogs had competition to Reach Top of Hill. AllFrogs shouted,Its Impossible. But 1 Frog Reachedthe Top How? He wasDeaf Be DEAF toNEGATIVE Words A Valuable Lesson that A Traffic Signal Teach Us: Every Problem is like a Red Signal, If we Wait for Some Time, It will Turn Green. Power and money are marvelous sources if they remain in pocket but they are terrible masters once they enter the head. Every little smile can touch somebody`s heart. No one is born happy. But all of us are born with the ability to create happiness. Always be hpy Silence is the fence around wisdom! If your foot slips,U can always regain your balance. But if your tongue slips,U can never recall the words Past is Waste Paper, Present is News Paper, Future is Question Paper, Life is Answer Paper, So, Care fully Read Write it and enjoy life! Every problem in life has a gift inside.. So don`t get upset when you face problem. It may have more beautiful ending than your expectation. Don`t cry over what is gone, Smile about what remains. No matter whats lost, You can still always find value in what is left.! A Winning Horse doesn`t know what is wining, He only runs in pain given by his rider, So whenever ur in pain, think that God wants u to win. All birds find shelter during a rain. But Eagle avoids rain by flying above the Clouds. Problems r common, but attitude makes the difference We think there is endless time to live, But we never know which moment is last So share care.. Love and celebrate every moment of LIFE. Comparison is The Best Way to Judge Our Progress, But Not With Others. Compare ur Yesterday With Ur Today To Get The Best Results. Definition of Human Being by A Philosopher: A Creature That Cuts Trees, Makes Paper, On Those Papers They Writes SAVE TREES Every successful person has a painful story, Every painful story has a successful ending. Accept the pain get ready to success. Great Thought: When we cant laugh again on the same joke, then why do we cry again and again for the one and the same pain. BEST LINES: Dont read success stories, You will get only message. Read failure stories, You will get some ideas to get success. There is always a hope and an end. It depends on us how we deal with them. We can look at it as a hopeless end. or an Endless Hope. Life never turns the way we want. But we live it in the best way we can. There`s no perfect life, But we can Fill it with perfect moments Mistake increase your experience and experience decrease your mistakes You learn from mistakes While the other learn from your sucsess. Life is Better When You`re Happy But Life is At its Best When Other People Are Happy Because Of U. Be Inspired. Give Peace.. And Share Smile . You Can`t Bring Back The Past, For It is All Gone. All You Can Do is Let Go, Move on,and Make Better Memories For The Future. Feelings are like waves, We can`t stop them from coming, But we can choose which one to surf. It`s a beautiful balmy day! Think about this:There are almost 8 billion people on Earth. and you are going to let just ONE person to ruin your day? Have a wonderful day!! Sometimes you gotta do more than rock the boat. Sometimes you gotta jump in head first and make some waves.. It`s a beautiful day! Plant around you today the SEEDS of Optimism and Kindness.. and tomorrow you can reap its FRUITS of Love and Happiness appy weekend! STRENGTH doesn`t come from what you can DO It comes from OVER COMING the THINGS you ONCE THOUGHT you COULDN`T. Have a great day! Surround yourself with people who are going to lift u HIGHER! Life is already filled with those whowant to bring u down to your knees. There areno random acts. Weare all connected. Ucan no more separateone life from anotherthan u can separate a breezefrom the wind. God Bless Us Having Lips. and not usingthem to smile,is like having. A million dollars in the bankand forgetting theaccount number. SMILEand have a hpy day! To respect people who are HIGHER than u, it`s ORDINARY. To respect people who are LOWER than u,it`s EXTRA ordinary. Sometimes you gotta shut up, swallow your pride and accept that you re wrong. It`s not giving up, it`s called growing up. When Iis replaced by WE.. Even ILLNESS turns into WELLNESS. Have a happy weekend! U Better Live Ur Best and Act your Best 2day For today Is The Sure Preparation For Tomorrows and All Other Tomorrow That Follow It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare, it is because we do not dare that they are difficult. The mindis like a clock Thatis constantly running down. It has to be woundUp daily with good thoughts. Don`t go throughlife,Grow through life Anything is more important When u can not get it. When u can get it This is less important for u. This is nature of every human. If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader. Every bad situations have something positive.. Even a stopped clock is correct twice a day. Logic Of Time When Time Never Stops For Us, Then Why Do We Always Wait For The Right Time..? No Time Is Wrong To Do The Right Thing .! Waves Are Inspiring, Not Because They Rise And Fall, But Because They Never Fail To Rise Again. Have A Rising Day. An Inspiring Fact: If You Can Still Smile When you are Completely Broken Up, Then There Can be Nothing That Can Break you Next Time! A Lifetime Inspiring Thought Always Try Your Best To Get Whatever You Love.. Otherwise You Will Be Forced To Love Whatever You Get.. Sucess does not depend on making important decisions quickly, but depends on your quick actions on important decisions. Forget Past Failures! Focus on the NOW and What needs to be done today to help you achieve your dreams! When you are following your energy and doing what you want all the time, the distinction between work and play dissolves. When unexpectd situations come in front of you, what does it mean..? It means that you are Moving Ahead Faster than you expectd..! Great motivational words written on the entrance of an American university.. I know I am something, because God doesnt create garbage.! Every Morning Get Up `n Look Through The List Of Richest People In The World, If Your Name Is Not There, Please Go To WORK! Learn to confront your fears head on because sometimes what you fear is not even worth your fear. God has given you what it takes to achieve all your aims in Life. Therefore put into action your effort first befor u think about a miracle. I want to be the greatest of me, For this is all I can do. It is my wish that you promise me this, you be the greatest of you.! A Stone is broken by the last stroke, This doesn`t mean 1st stroke was useless. Success is a result of continues Daily Effor.! Waiting to win is common to all, But working to win is style of a champion ! Be a Champion and win the world !! A lamp doesnt speak.. It introduces itself through its light.. Achievers never expose themselves. But their achievements expose them ! Best reason for our failures We are expecting ORANGE by standing under a MANGO tree! So We should change Either our expectation or tree.! When you`re following your energy `n doing what you want all the time, the distinction between work and play dissolves.! In The CAMERA Of Your Mind . Load The ROLL Of Your Good Thoughts .. Press The BUTTON Of Your Hard Work .. `n Get The Photo Of Your Success. Confidence Helps To Set Some Aim.. But,Self Confidence Helps To Achieve That Aim. So, Never Lose Your Self Confidence..! If You Are Successful You Will Win Some False Friends And Some True Enemies Succeed Anyway Be Like A Dolphin. Even Though There Are Dangerous Sharks Arround That In The Ocean. It Simply Enjoys The Swimming`n Celebrates On Its Own..! Victory Is Not The Property Of Brilliants.. It Is The Crown For Those Who Bow Themselves In Front Of Hard Work `n Confidence When Flood Comes Fish Eat Ants When Flood Goes Down Ants Eat Fish Time Matters .. GOD Gives Opportunity To Everyone. Negative Thinking IsAs Important AsCreativeThinking, BecauseIf Creative Thinking Invents Aeroplane,Then Negative Thinking Invents Parachute. Umbrella cant stop Rain but make us 2 Stand in Rain,. Confidence May Not Bring Success But It Gives Power To Face Any challenge.! Whatever we do, We Must Always Remember Our Aim. If You Want To Fly With EAGLES, Don`t Swim With DUCKS. TIME Is A Rare LuxuryWhich Can Never Be Purchased At Any Cost. So when,Someone Spends it For u,It defines the depth of care One Has For you.! A Soft Nature Of A Person Doesn`t Mean Weakness.. Remember.. Nothing Is Softer Than Water.. But Its Force Can Break The Strongest Of Rock.! Nice one:- If You Love Someone, Be Brave Enough To Tell Them. , Otherwise Be Brave Enough To Watch Them To Be Loved By Someone Else.. 🙂 Awesome Lines: Live Well `n Happily, Its The Best Revenge To Those Who Have Hurt You n Avoided You.! Without crossing the worst situations,No one can touch the best corners of life. Dare to face any situation. Try Hard to Achieve high in Life. It Is Always Good To CompromiseOnly When The Other Side Understands Your Feelings,But Its Not Good To BendSo Much That u Lose Your Existence Respect Those Who Find Time For You In Their Busy Schedule.. But Really Love Those Who Never See Their Schedule.. When You Need Them.! Best Attitude For Living: My Pain May Be The Reason For Somebody`s Laugh But My Laugh Must Never Be The Reason For Somebody`s Pain.! We may not Achieve Everything that we Dream. But We will not Achieve Anything unless we Dream..!! Night is longer than day for those who dream `n Day is longer than night for those who make their Dreams come true. Really Nice Lines Never take the Help Of Tears to Show Your Emotions.. `n Never Take the Help Of Words to Show Your Anger..! When the Mirror of LIFEGets Dirty with the Fog of Reality,Try Wiping it out with Your FAITH,You Can See the Clear Reflection Of Your Dream:) Making memorable moments forYourself is not a big thing. But,You being the key person in others memorable moments is an everlasting thing..!! Journey of Life Is Exciting when You challenge Your own Weakness.. Sometimes Your Enemy Teaches You Better Than Your Friends.! I hated every minute of Training. but I Said don`t Quit. Suffer now `n Live the rest of Your Life as a Champion LIFE is very similar to a Boxing RING.. DEFEAT is not declared When you fall DOWN.. It`s declared when You REFUSE to Get Up..!! No Matter How Many Times The Teeth Bite The Tongue, They Still Stay Together In One Mouth. That`s The Spirit Of FORGIVENESS..! If your head tells u onething andyour hearttells u another;before u do anything. Decide first whether u have a betterhead or a better heart Nice Saying from aBroken HeartI`ll ContinueMy LoveEven IfMy Love Fails`Coz,Howwould I hate the heartwhich made me toLove more than My Life I Knows That A Lot of People Hate Me,Because I am Bad. But. Few People Surely Love Me,Because They Know That My Little Goodness Is Not Fake .. Never hold your head high with pride or ego. Remember, Even the winner of a gold medal gets his medal only when he puts his head down 🙂 Living alone is really better than living with fake people, who hate you but act like loving you. Great Thought: When we cant laugh again on the same joke. then why do we cry again and again for the one and the same pain. Without Tasting The Worst Situation, No One Can Taste The Best Thing Of Life. . . . Dare To Face Anything in Your Mysterious Life Don`t Think About What You Have Go. Think About How To Use It That You Have Got. A paper flyingin air is due to its luck but a birdis flying due to its effort. So if luck isnot with u, efforts arealways there to support U Nothing is predestination, the obstacles of your past can become the gateways that leads to the new beginnings. Life Will Never Provide Warranties and Guarantees It Can Only Provide Possibilities and Opportunities To Convert Them intosuccess !!! Without forgiveness life is governed by an endless cycle of resentment and retaliation. Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do and they will surprise you with their ingenuity. Management fundamental for success. if you don`t like any rule, Just follow it, reach the top And change the rule. Life is at its weakest When There`s more Doubt than trust But Life is at its strongest When you learn How to trust In spite of The doubts . Erasers are for people who make errors. But a better saying: Erasers are for people willing to correct their mistakes. Do not make your aim like the garden because everyone walk on it But make your aim like the sky so everyone wish to touch it. There are only two Things you have to Do in life .. You have to die.. And You have to live Until you die .. You make up All the rest.. The power is detested, and miserable the life, of him who wishes to be feared rather than to be loved. TRY is a small word that can make a Big Difference.. If we TRY, we only RISK FAILURE, But if we dont TRY then we ENSURE FAILURE. Comparsion is the best way to judge our progress.. But not with others.. Compare Your Yesterday with your Today.. Some things you have to do every day. Eating seven apples on Saturday night instead of one a day just isn`t going to get the job done. Yesterday I was Clever, So, I wanted to Change the World, But Today I am Wise, So I am Changing Myself.. It is better to deserve honours And not have them than To have them and not deserve them. Success isn`t a matter of being d best nd winning d race. Success is a matter of handling d worst nd still finishing d race. A sunset here is a Sunrise on the other end of the worldWe must NEVER give up. BecauseWhat appears to be theend may actually be aNew Begining The mind is like a clockThat is constantly running down. It hasto be woundUp daily with goodthoughts. Don`t go through life,Grow through life Anything is more important When you can not get it. When you can get it This is less important for you. This is nature of every human. If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more,do more and become more, you are a leader. The Most Determinative nd Motivating Sentence Which should Always Be Followed In Life. The Race is not Over Because I Haven`t WON Yet A Child onFarm Sees PlaneFly Overhead. AndDreams of a FarAway Place. The Pilot on The Plane SeesThe Farmhouse,AndDreams ofHis Home. That`s Life A mountain is not higher than our confidence it will be under our feets, if we reach the top Coins always make sound but The currency notes are always silent. So, when your value increases Keep yourself calm and silent. When u feel depressed,confused or hurt. Don`t worry stand in front of a mirror,u will find the best one to solve your problem. Trust Yourself! Honey bees must tap two hundred flowers To make one drop of honey.. Remember: The sweetest reward comes from the hardest struggle.. The basic difference between God and Human.. God; gives,gives,gives and 4gives. Human; GETS,gets,gets and 4gets. Everybody is weak. Everybody fails. Being strong is fighting. It`s hard and it`s painful and It`s every day. It`s what we have to do. When you believe something can be done, your mind will find the ways to do it. Believing in a solution paves the way to a solution !! To find what you seek in the road of life, the best proverb of all is that which says: Leave no stone unturned. People often say that Motivation doesn`t last. Well, neither does bathing That`s why we recommend it daily. Luckey is who get the opportunity Brilliant is who creates da oppertunity Winner is who uses the opportunity Have A Great Day ! Best Of LucK. Life is too short. If we work Good. Or If we work Bad. In 2 cases life will end. So if we work good than we are died peacefully. Whenever you see a successful person you see the public glories, never see the private sacrifices to reach them We must stop assuming that a thing which has never been done before probably cannot be done at all. I know I`m Something, Because Go doesn`t Create Garbage Words written on the Entrance of An American University.. Can we do romance in the evening today? I`m in a good mood Just a little bit of kissing and biting Reply me soon! Urs lovingly MOSQUITO Maturity is achieved when a person postpones immediate pleasures for long-term values. Do not limit your challenges Challenge your limits. Born with personality is an accident, BUT Dying as a personality is an achievement. MY WAY OF LIFE . People Laugh Because i am Different,And i Laugh Because They Are All the Same,Thats Called`ATTITUDE`. LIVE IT YOUR OWN WAY Born with the personality is an Accident. But To die as a `Personality is an Achievement`.. Achieve the best in youe Life !! Old concept: Do or Die New concept: Do b4 u die Latest concept: Don`t die, until u do. Champions aren`t made in the gym. Champions are made from something They have deep inside a Desire, a Dream, a Vision. Take the first step in FAITH you don`t have to see the whole staircase just take the first step The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy. Life is a great travel trip.. Problem is that it doesnt come with a map. We`ve to search our own ways to reach the Destinations..! Now the World is becoming a Bad Place to Live In,, Not because of Bad People,, But Due to Silence of the Good People.. Have a Peaceful Day.. Always have a unique character like salt, It`s presence is not felt But it`s absence makes all things tasteless. Golden words If People Around You Are Trying to Pull You Down, Be Proud of It! It Only Means One Thing, That You Are Above Them. The whole secret of a successful life Is to find out what is one`s destiny to do, And then do it. Never hold yourself solely responsible for any misfortune in life because no single raindrop is never alone responsible for any flood. Never change your originality For the sake of others. Because no one can play your role Better than you. So be yourself. You are the best. The art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. The boundaries which divide life from death are at best shadowy and vague, Who shall say where one ends. and the other begins? It is hard to fail, But it is worse never to have tried to succeed. Winners believe that they create their own luck by their actions; losers believe in good and bad luck. The significance of a man Is not in What he attains But In what He longs to attain. A fantastic quote for life: Satisfy the person who expects from U, Rather than surprising the person who never expects anything. Above all, challenge yourself. You may well surprise yourself at what strengths you have, What you can accomplish. When you remember how hard it is to change yourself, You begin to understand what little chance we have of changing others. Look at the Clock when u r sitting simply. But Never Look at Clock When U r working. The Hard Reality of Life is that.. When u need ADVICE, Everyone is ready to HELP You.. But When u need HELP, Everyone is Ready toADVISE You. Failure is the only opportunity to begin the same work with more intelligency.. A good plan of today is better than a great plan of tomorrow. Look backward with satisfaction look forward with confidence. If you want to enjoy anything, always think today is the first day But If you want to achieve anything always think today is the last day. In each single day we smile and laugh so many times. We never thank Allah afterevery smile but wedo blame complain Him for every tear we cry Once a wise man was asked: What is meaning of life He said: Life itself has no meaning, life is an opportunity to create a meaning .. Life is too short, To Kiss Slowly, Laugh Insanely, Love Truly and Forgive Quickly Never design your character like a garden,Where anyone can walk. Design your character like the sky, Where everyone candesire to reach Hitler Life is Better When You`re Happy But Life is At its Best When Other People Are Happy Because Of U.. Be Inspired.. Give Peace.. And Share Smile You Can`t Bring Back The Past, For It is All Gone. All You Can Do is Let Go. Move on, and Make Better Memories For The Future. Take a sweet smile when you are insulted. Sometimes, a smile is enough to make them regret with their words. It is better to be admired than to be popular. Strive to be better yourself, and not to please others If You Don`t Believe In Miracles, Perhaps You`ve Forgotten You Are One;-) Have A Happy Weekend! Enjoy! :-* There comes a time when you have to stop remembering your mistakes and move on. No regrets in life,just lessons. You cannot always wait for the perfect time, sometimes you must dare to jump. Have a great day! If people make you feel that you are less needed, learn to do this: KEEP DISTANCE The one that angers you controls you. Don`t give anyone that power! especially the one who does it intentionally. 🙂 Have an exceptional day Never apologize for saying what you feel. That`s like saying sorry for being REAL. One lie is all it takes for someone to lose interest in you. It`s always best to be upfront, remaining real and to tell the truth Don`t point out other people`s flaws because you`re not perfect. You have to look in the mirror before you can look out the window. A tongue has no bones but it can hurt someone`s feelings. So always be concious and be wise on what you`ll say. A mountain is not higher than your confidence.. for it will be under your feet when you reach the top.. Have a cool day! Hot heads and cold hearts can never solve anything. Scarcity is counting the number of seeds in an apple. Abundance is contemplating the number of apples in a seed. May u have an abundant life! Our life is filled with a promiseof beautiful experiences,but only if westop and notice all the little things thatmake up the whole picture. A valuable lesson that a traffic signal teaches us: Every problem is like a Red Signal, If you wait for some time, it will Turn Green. REJECTIONS has a useful purpose that is, for us to learn either to change ourselves for the better or to justify who we are. Happiness is like a rainbow. Sometimes we can only see it after weve shed enough tears in our cloudy days. May you find happiness every day! HOPE is the little voice you hear whisper maybe when it seems the entire world is shouting no. Never lose hope. Have a great day! Instead of wishing you were someone else, be proud of who you are, you never know whose been looking at you and wishing they could be YOU. aLways try 2 be happy watever Lyf brings.. remember dat evry 60 sec0nds u spend in being upset is a minute of happiness u can nver get back. In this world some people will throw stones in your path. It depends on you what you make from them. A WALL or A BRIDGE! Forget about the world Failure. If you`re always learning new things, you`re always winning in life. Have a cool day! Do not lower your standards to keep anyone. Make them meet you at your level. Self-respect is your power. The 3 C`s of Life: Choices, Chances, Changes. You must make a Choice to take a Chance or your life will never Change. Everything that u losehas it`s ownway of returning back to u,the funnything is,it`s not always the way u expect it. Sometimes it`even more. Those who danced were thought to be quite insane by those who could not hear the music. Show the world you ROCK! Have a wonderful day! HATING people takes too much time. FORGIVE them, not because they deserve it but because you are on a HIGHER level than they are. Don`t accuse unless you are able to PROVE and don`t blame unless you are able to FORGIVE and don`t forgive unless you are able to FORGET. Don`t confuse your path with your destination. Just because it`s stormy now doesn`t mean you aren`t headed for sunshine. God bless us all! Life islike a camera. Focus onwhat`s important,capturethe good times,develop from the negatives and if thingsdon`t work,justtake another shot.

Marketing strategy for ganga water purifier

Marketing strategy for ganga water purifier IMC PLAN FOR WATER PURIFIER Introduction Internal Analysis Firms Promotional Capabilities The current marketing strategy for ganga water purifier is a push strategy, utilizing personal selling via a sales force with limited advertising to increase brand awareness. The current promotional mix involves periodic advertising in area newspapers, a yellow pages ad, distribution of flyers, door-to-door sales through sales agents, and telemarketing performed by sales agents. The current RO filter market is served quite well, through several methods of distribution and many options and products available to the consumer. Currently, 30% of end consumers purchased their home water treatment system from local water treatment dealers, 26% from a department or discount store and 25% from a home improvement centre. Product/Service Analysis The RO filter market can be described as fragmented. There are many competing Products in the marketplace and no one have more than 15% of the market share. Retailers, which sell to the end user, hold the power in the manufacturer distributor Retailer relationship as they have many competing products to choose from and typically Only carry a single brand of RO filter. Major companies into this business are: Eureka Fobs , Hull ,Ion exchange,Philips Industry experts say that in India three types of water purifiers are being marketed now — ultra-violet based, reverse osmosis and resin based. The countrys largest water purifier maker Eureka Forbes Aquaguard is the market leader with 68 per cent in UV-based market. In reverse osmosis (RO) as well the company enjoys 60 per cent share and Delhi-based Kent RO systems has 40 per cent share. RO based water purifiers are the most expensive section of the water purifier market and are priced at Rs 13,000 and above.Philips, on the other hand, which uses UV-based technology to purify water, has dropped its price to Rs 6,995 from the initial launch price of Rs 8,500. Industry sources say its struggle to establish itself in the market with lesser priced water purifiers by competitors has been difficult.Out of the 220 million households in India, only about 8 million use water purifiers. Both HUL and Eureka had test marketed their products in southern states before launching it nationally. Product Description Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a filtration process which runs drinking water containing dissolved solids through a nano-filtration membrane. The purified water then goes to a storage tank and most of the unwanted organic and inorganic compounds, sediment and other contaminants are flushed down the drain. This form of water treatment is one of the most effective methods for producing high quality drinking water available on the market today Review of Past Promotional Programs In reverse osmosis (RO) as well the company enjoys 60 per cent share and Delhi-based Kent RO systems has 40 per cent share. RO based water purifiers are the most expensive section of the water purifier market and are priced at Rs 13,000 and above. Philips, on the other hand, which uses UV-based technology to purify water, has dropped its price to Rs 6,995 from the initial launch price of Rs 8,500. Industry sources say its struggle to establish itself in the market with lesser priced water purifiers by competitors has been difficult. As HUL airs its TV campaigns on how using Pureit will give freedom from boiling water, Eureka Forbes has signed on celebrity Smriti Irani for communicating its benefits. The past promotional programs involves periodic advertising in area newspapers, distribution of flyers, door-to-door sales through sales agents. The RO filter market is served quite well, through several methods of distribution and many options and products available to the consumer External Analysis Customer Analysis Buyer Needs Water is a major element required for human survival and thus clean, safe drinking water is a necessity for a healthy and safe lifestyle. In Indian society water safety has for the most part been taken for granted up to the last several years, but now due to industrial and environmental pollution consumers perceptions has changed. People concerned with the safety of drinking water now recognize a need to buy clean drinking water or to purify their own water. Forty-two percent of people use water treatment devices because they feel it makes their water safer. Those who do not like the current taste of their water can be assumed to encompass the other element of consumer need. Forty-three percent of people use water treatment devices because they feel it makes their water taste better . During the 2007 survey this figure grew from 48% of people being replaced by 60% of people use a filtration system for health-related issues. Decision Type Buying an RO system is an extensive decision due to the relatively substantial cost involved and the wide variety of competitive products on the market. Since most RO filters operate on the same principle of purifying water, the consumer would attempt to find value in quality, number of filtering stages, capacity of the system and ultimately price. Since a wide variety of choices exist personal selling plays an important role in convincing the consumer that a product holds higher merit and value than the competitors product. SWOT Analysis Product Company Strengths High quality product, manufactured in delhi, assembled in U.P. Water Quality Association member All components are NSF approved. Close relationship with suppliers. Easily customize product to meet consumers needs. Extremely competitive price and compensation structure Offer 5-Stage unit at better price than competition. Recent media exposure regarding unhealthy drinking water in india. 1st housing clear to see condition ofpurifier. Owner has extensive experience with water treatment problem solving. Produces pure drinking water at low costs. Weaknesses Large amount of personal selling Relatively unknown name in india. Variety of substitutes, including bottled water. Large number of competitors/substitutes in a fragmented market. High barriers to entry into Big Box stores. Opportunities Several very large possible target markets. To become perceived as sympathetic towards customers concerns and well-being. Utilize the Internet as a customer relationship management tool. Reduced public confidence in municipal water treatment centers. Threats Governmental regulations regarding water purification products. Competitive retaliation to Rosmosis entering the market with a competitive product at lower prices. Clean water is one of the most important needs of our bodies. It is a sad fact that something as essential to life as clean drinking water can no longer be granted to us. Unsafe water is not just a third world problem. In fact, safe drinking water is even harder to find specially in industrially developing countries such as the India. According to research articles and news, most tap and well water in India now are not safe for drinking due to heavy industrial and environmental pollution.We have reached to a point that, all sources of our drinking water, including municipal water systems, wells, lakes, rivers, and even glaciers, contain some level of contamination. A good water filter is the best and maybe the only solution nowadays. You can install and maintain the filters yourself and can ensure and feel safe about the water which you and your family drink. Just make sure the filter you choose removes the most spectrum of contaminants. Usually a professional filtration system worth invest-in is a 4 to 5 stage water purifier system. Each stage will remove certain types of contaminants, and all stages combined should protect you from just about every contaminant. provide information among 70% of target audience: Areverse osmosis water filter with activated carbon pre-filters, plus an ultraviolet light, are what we believe to be the most thorough and cost effective way to purify drinking water. Such a system willpay for itself within half a yearand can last 10-15 years with easy annual filter change create an image among 60 % of target audience: To create an image which provide best quality with low prices and create a brand that is trust worthy . by showing benefits that is getting most purified water at a cost os 36 paise / lit and taste too. stimulate trial of new product among 55% of target audience will make people motivated to try new product to see its features and see its advanced quality by implementing sales promotion techniques and personal selling like coupons and sales presentation. Budget allocation Percentage of the budget is stated for indicating the allocation Estimated budget : 50000000 Promotional budget estimate ( in lakhs) Advertising TV Commercial 50 lakhs (Production broadcasting) Newspaper advertisement 8 lakhs (Design publishing) Magzine 10 lakhs Radio advertisement 20 lakhs Event Exhibition(venue Setup, etc) 50 lakhs Direct Marketing Mailing(design, printing postage, etc) 4 lakhs Personal selling sales presentations 20 lakhs sales meetings 5 lakhs incentive programs 85 lakhs Sales promotions Contests; Games;Lotteries; premium and gifts; fair and trade shows; demonstrations; coupons; rebates; low-interest financing . 100 lakhs IMC STRATEGIES The campaign objectives of GANGA water purifier. Advertising strategy Advertising design :Story board is to make people aware of water related deseases. Type of appeal : emotional. Target audience :housewifes, working group. Message strategy :GANGA WATER FILTER Meaning : the name is kept as ganga because ganga is known to be the most pure. Tag Line : SWATCHTA KI PHECHAN Media selection: television, newspaper, magazines, internet, etc. The Unique Selling Proposition Excellent customer service response time. Very compititive pricing. Technical suppor available via phone and email. Online water diagnosis at http://www.gangapurifier.com/daignose_my_water.php Free basic water testing available. Custom water filter systems for special water conditions. Water quality association member. Other promotional tools strategy †¢What other promotional tools to be selected and why? Personal selling sales presentations sales meetings incentive programs Public relations Seminars: will give seminars on the topic of environmental pollution . How water causes deseases and how can we avoid it by using a water purifier and how ganga water purifier helps your family with this . charitable donations: will donate money to the areas where water purification projects are going on . publications: will release a monthly publication of what achievements are made my the company. community relations: Our aim is to increase their knowledge and understanding of what we do and where were going, so that they can feel part of â€Å"our community† and where appropriate join with us Sales promotions Contests: will organise contests which will be on the theme of water or environmental pollution and ganga water purifier will make people aware of this. Games: will organise games at major areas like universities ,government offices on the name of ganga water filter. lotteries: will tie up with some very gud brands and ganga water purifier will be distributed as lotteries. GANGA WATER PURIFIER : SWATCHTA KI PEHCHAN Creative tactics for television Vedio : the visual will communicate the message given by ganga water purifier that it is give the most purified water compared to others and will provide with many user friendly functions with really competitive pricies. Audio: the audio will be created which will force consume r to see the vedio and will help an appropriate mood Jingle used: live a healthy life Company : ganga water purifier BIBLIOGRAPLY www.jobsdb.com/HK/EN/V6HTML//IMC_Plan_Outline.pdf www.digg.com/educational/Sample_IMC_Plan www.drypen.in//developing-an-integrated-marketing-communication-plan-imc.html www.ethicsbasedmarketing.net//Sample%20IMC%20plan%20template.pdf faculty.fullerton.edu/mjoyce/Materials/IMC_Plan_Outline.htm www.kult-educ.org/wksp/imc-4/files/ibrahim/IMC-4_1-2.ppt

The Role of Railroad Companies, Farmers, and Cowboys in the Development

The 1880s proved to be a time of change for America. High unemployment rates and low wages in many cities forced many to look to new opportunities in cities and elsewhere. This included the newly expanded west. In the 1880s Kansas had three dominating groups- railroad companies, farmers, and cowboys. All three dealt with individual triumphs and struggles when developing the West and specifically Kansas in the later part of the 19th century. Railroads spent most of the 1880s concerned with previous legislation, farmers worried about land allotment and surviving on the Plains. Cowboys also worried about land allotment and surviving. The worries of the last two created some tension between them but in the end survival of one depended on the survival of the other. Insuring their place in history, the three groups together made the expansion of the West possible and forever changed the face of Kansas. The 1880s was a time of substantial change for Kansas and railroads, which were very important to the development of Kansas. As many historians say â€Å"rails didn’t build Kansas City, but they carried almost everything that did† (Worley 1). While most of the legislation that affected the railroads had taken place at some point prior to this time period, it was now coming full swing and affecting the settlers now. In May of 1854, the Kansas- Nebraska Act was passed. Although mostly known for repealing the Missouri Compromise it also gave â€Å"the railroads the right to build a railroad system from Chicago to the Pacific Coast† (Kansas- Nebraska Act 1). With this new access to land, railroad companies began building cross-country railroads. New settlers and merchants knew that railroads were the up and coming mode of transportation and a vit... ... University of Chicago Press, 1988. Miner, Craig. West of Wichita. University Press of Kansas, 1986. Nelson, Oliver. The Cowman’s Southwest. Glendale, CA: The Arthur H Clark Company, 1957. 19th Century Legal Treatise. A Letter from Honorable William Whiting to Honorable Henry Wilson, of the U.S. of senate ) microform: showing that the government is bound to fulfil in good faith its contract with the Central BranchUnion Pacific R.R. Company. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1870. Ostler, Jeffrey. â€Å"The Rhetoric of Conspiracy and The Formation of Kansas Populism.† Agricultural History1995 69 (1): 1-27. â€Å"Populist Platform of 1892†. Online. Internet 30, June 1998. White, Richard. â€Å"It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own†. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Worley, William Dr. Online. KC Railroads Timeline. Internet.

Necessary Sacrifice in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lot

When Shirley Jackson first published her short story â€Å"The Lottery,† it caused a great deal of controversy. It warranted high critical acclaim, but it also brought threats to Jackson’s life. The public was outraged that she would write such a violent story, which ended with the unmerciful killing of an innocent woman. The violence in response to the story ironically reflects the violence within, and reveals a darker, yet necessary, part of the human psyche. The characters in â€Å"The Lottery† require the violent ritual to live peaceful and happy lives. The violent tradition is beneficial to the town’s people because it supports a healthy group psychology, is a conditioned behavioral norm for every generation, ensures the majority’s well-being, and is integrated into their religious belief. The town’s collective mental state is kept in balance by holding a lottery each year. Human beings are capable of great things, but interlaced with the possibility for greatness is a capacity for destruction. David Livingston Smith, a professor of philosophy and the director of the Institute for Cognitive Science and Evolutionary Psychology at the University of New England, discusses man’s history in his book The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War. He admits, â€Å"[Human beings’] noble achievements are only half the picture. They exist side by side with an array of less appealing characteristics,† (41). Violence and cruelty amongst the species is part of our most basic human nature and has proved to be unavoidable throughout history. A prime example of the capabilities of man against itself is the Holocaust, which has been theorized to be the symbolized subject of Jackson’s story. However, â€Å"The Lottery† shows a healthy, structu... ...eration, the majority’s welfare, and an adopted religious belief. Works Cited Cooley, Charles Horton. Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Schocken Books, 1964. Print. Hoffman, Louis, John L. Hoffman, Joy L. S. Hoffman, and Heatherlyn P. Cleare-Hoffman. "Culture, Religion, and Spirituality: How Spirituality Saved Religion." The Healing Power of Spirituality: How Faith Helps Humans Thrive. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-Clio, 2010. Print. Smith, David Livingstone. The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007. Print. Smith, Joanne R., Michael A. Hogg, Robin Martin, Deborah J. Terry. "Uncertainty And The Influence Of Group Norms In The Attitude-Behaviour Relationship." British Journal Of Social Psychology 46.4 (2007): 769-792. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Necessary Sacrifice in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lot When Shirley Jackson first published her short story â€Å"The Lottery,† it caused a great deal of controversy. It warranted high critical acclaim, but it also brought threats to Jackson’s life. The public was outraged that she would write such a violent story, which ended with the unmerciful killing of an innocent woman. The violence in response to the story ironically reflects the violence within, and reveals a darker, yet necessary, part of the human psyche. The characters in â€Å"The Lottery† require the violent ritual to live peaceful and happy lives. The violent tradition is beneficial to the town’s people because it supports a healthy group psychology, is a conditioned behavioral norm for every generation, ensures the majority’s well-being, and is integrated into their religious belief. The town’s collective mental state is kept in balance by holding a lottery each year. Human beings are capable of great things, but interlaced with the possibility for greatness is a capacity for destruction. David Livingston Smith, a professor of philosophy and the director of the Institute for Cognitive Science and Evolutionary Psychology at the University of New England, discusses man’s history in his book The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War. He admits, â€Å"[Human beings’] noble achievements are only half the picture. They exist side by side with an array of less appealing characteristics,† (41). Violence and cruelty amongst the species is part of our most basic human nature and has proved to be unavoidable throughout history. A prime example of the capabilities of man against itself is the Holocaust, which has been theorized to be the symbolized subject of Jackson’s story. However, â€Å"The Lottery† shows a healthy, structu... ...eration, the majority’s welfare, and an adopted religious belief. Works Cited Cooley, Charles Horton. Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Schocken Books, 1964. Print. Hoffman, Louis, John L. Hoffman, Joy L. S. Hoffman, and Heatherlyn P. Cleare-Hoffman. "Culture, Religion, and Spirituality: How Spirituality Saved Religion." The Healing Power of Spirituality: How Faith Helps Humans Thrive. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-Clio, 2010. Print. Smith, David Livingstone. The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007. Print. Smith, Joanne R., Michael A. Hogg, Robin Martin, Deborah J. Terry. "Uncertainty And The Influence Of Group Norms In The Attitude-Behaviour Relationship." British Journal Of Social Psychology 46.4 (2007): 769-792. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 12 Apr. 2012.

An Analysis of The Thurber Carnival Essay -- Thurber Carnival Essays

An Analysis of The Thurber Carnival  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The Fables for Our Time contained in Thurber's The Thurber Carnival are, in my opinion, particularly good examples of a writer successfully 'breaking frames' in order to create humor and satire. In this essay I am going to explore the main methods Thurber uses to create humor and satire in the fables "The Shrike and the Chipmunks" and "The Unicorn in the Garden"2. Firstly though, what do I mean by the 'broken frame'? This is a reference to the idea that the violation of our 'frames of reference', and the recognition of the incongruity caused by it, is the basic element of humour. If the incongruity needs to be explained, the humour will be lost. Kant expresses this idea when he says "Laughter is an affection arising from a strained expectation being suddenly reduced to nothing"3. Thurber violates several different types of expectation in his attempts to create humour and satire. These range from expectation of the rules of fable and other literature, to expectation of characterisation, and expectation of the familiar saying. "The Shrike and the Chipmunks", is first and foremost a parody of the traditional fable. It has all the traditional ingredients: the anthropomorphised Chipmunks, corresponding with stereotyped human characters, the building of suspense over a perceived right and wrong type of behaviour, a corresponding climax, and a moral at the end. Anthropomorphism is a common technique of humour. Umberto Eco explains that this is so that the audience can laugh at the 'broken frame', without the discomfort of empathy with the frame breaker. "It is for this reason that the animalisation of the comic hero is so important"4. But quite apart from this use, Thur... ... 1-9. Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Judgement, Book II. E307 Photocopy. pp. 196-203. Thurber, James. The Thurber Carnival. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1983.    End Notes 1. Umberto Eco, "Frames of Comic Freedom," in Carnival!, ed. T. A. Sebeok (Berlin: Mouton Publishers, 1984), p. 4. 2. James Thurber, The Thurber Carnival (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1983). Fables for Our Time pp. 278 - 305. "The Shrike and the Chipmunks" pp. 290-291. "The Unicorn in the Garden" pp. 304-305. 3. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement, Book II, E307 Photocoy. p. 199. 4. Eco, p. 2. 5. Thurber, p. 290. 6. Thurber, p. 290. 7. Thurber, p. 291. 8. Thurber, p.305. 9. Burton Bernstein, Thurber: A Biography (Great Britain: Lowe & Brydone, 1975), p. 308. 10. Eco, p. 2.      

Differences Between at and Tce on Corporate Governance

Explain the similarities and differences between AT and TCE on corporate governance and criticize AT using TCE’s perspective Both AT and TCE share considerably the same assumption, they believe that market mechanism will not work all the time because of bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard. The two theories also believe that there is no perfect contract and both rely endogenously on the board of director as a control instrument. Even though AT and TCE both share these similarities, they analyze them from different perspectives. The unit of analysis in AT is individual level, while it is transaction in TCE. The focal cost of AT is the residual loss that causes from bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard, while it is maladaptation of governance structure in TCE. Furthermore, the focal contractual concern of AT is ex ante, while it is ex post in TCE. AT focuses on relationship between principals (shareholders) and agents (CEO). Due to the fact that the principals want to maximize their return, while the agents want to maximize their wealth, power, and prestige, so the interests of the two parties are not aligned. The agents are able to fulfill their interests without necessary fulfilling the principals’. To guard against such bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard from the agent, board of director is appointed to link the imperfect relationship between principals and agents. The board of director has the right to monitor, ramify, and sanction the decision of the agent to fiduciary protect the principals’ interest. Apart from appointing the board of director, nexus of contracts is utilized to provide ex ante incentive alignment and minimize inefficiencies in the contractual structure of the firm that arise form the unaligned interests. TCE focuses on the alignment of the governance structure in order to minimize the transaction cost as much as possible. Its focal contractual concern is ex post governance structure so they strive to reduce the transactions cost by integration rather than focusing on incentives. TCE also assume bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard as AT, but TCE focuses on transaction level instead of individual level. Apart from the assumptions of bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard, two variables must be concerned in order to decide the appropriate governance structure. These variables are namely uncertainty, and asset specificity. The level of uncertainty is dependant on the length of the transaction and often is a part of bounded rationality. Longer length of transaction often leads to higher uncertainty. Asset specificity, contrary to uncertainty, is better for longer length of transaction. This is due to the reason that, the transactions cost is lower in a higher specific asset. If the level of asset specificity and uncertainty are high in both parties, vertical integration is suitable in minimizing the transactions cost, but if the level of uncertainty is low while the asset specificity is high in both parties, long term contract is more suitable. Board of director also exists in TCE, but for different purpose than in AT. The role of the board of director in TCE is to safeguard the firm against financial lost from by financially look after the firm rather than monitoring the agents’ behavior.

The Main Arguments of Evolution Theory

International Management Prof. dr. Niels Noorderhaven Lecture 1 Agenda †¢ †¢ †¢ 1. 2. 3. Introduction and organizational matters Does â€Å"international† still matter? Conceptual foundations of international business strategy (1) †¢ †¢ Case: Honda in the USA Literature: Textbook chapter 1 (pp 13-33 + 59-62) Team Lectures Niels Noorderhaven Cases Fons Naus Ana Aranda Gutierrez Zhengyu Li Teaching strategy Complementarity of lectures – readings †¢ Individual case participation †¢ Each lecture, one or several cases from the book will be expanded to put the theory into practice †¢ Importance of research articles Grading †¢ 70% MC exam – See Study manual for correction formula †¢ Exam dates December 13, 2012 and April 12, 2013 †¢ 30% 2 Interactive lectures – individual participation †¢ Interactive lectures grades of 2010 and 2011 can be transferred Book †¢ http://www. cambridge. rg/features/manag ement/verbeke/ Does â€Å"international† still matter? 7 Transportation & communication costs fall 17 September 2012 8 Tariffs fall, anti-dumping measures rise anti- 17 September 2012 9 Globalization Theory: †¢ Linguistic, trade and cultural barriers become less important †¢ ‘Stateless’ MNCs †¢ Within MNCs worldwide diffusion of technologies, knowledge and information Convergence of world economies 17 September 2012 10 Why is nationality important to people? Individual identity and social identity †¢ Three processes of social identity formation: †¢ social categorization †¢ social comparison †¢ social identification †¢ (Self-)categorization: what is the salient category? 17 September 2012 11 Why is nationality important to people? †¢ Positive stereotyping of â€Å"in-group†, negative stereotyping of â€Å"out-group† †¢ Nationality differences are particularly salient when people have no common history †¢ Nationality then becomes a source for one’s own identity and for the ascribed identity of the other 7 September 2012 12 Does â€Å"international† still matter? Yes, because †¦. †¢ Cultural , institutional and language differences persist †¢ Leading to differences in (business) decision making †¢ Nationality forms an important basis for social categorization processes †¢ Leading to shortcuts like cultural attribution and stereotyping With the effect that doing business across borders is different than domestic business 13 Conceptual foundations of international business strategy 4 Definition of international business strategy International business strategy means effectively and efficiently matching a multinational enterprise’s (MNE’s) internal strengths (relative to competitors) with the opportunities and challenges found in geographically dispersed environments that cross international borders. Such matching is a precond ition to creating value and satisfying stakeholder goals, both domestically and internationally. 15 TABLE OF CONTENTS (1) Introduction and overview of the book’s framework †¢ Part one: Core concepts (1) Conceptual foundations of international business strategy (2) The critical role of firm-specific advantages (3) The nature of home country location advantages (4) The problem with host country location advantages (5) Combining firm-specific advantages and location advantages in an MNE network 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS (2) †¢ Part two: Functional issues (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) International innovation International sourcing and production International finance International marketing Managing managers in the multinational enterprise 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS (3) †¢ Part three: Dynamics of global strategy (11) Entry mode dynamics 1: foreign distributors (12) Entry mode dynamics 2: strategic alliance partners (13) Entry mode dynamics 3: mergers and acquisitions (14) The role of emerging economies (15a) International strategies of corporate social responsibility (15b) International strategies of environmental sustainability 18 The seven concepts of the unifying framework †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Internationally transferable (or non-location bound) firmspecific advantages (FSAs) Non-transferable (or location-bound) FSAs Location advantages Investment in – and value creation through – recombination Complementary resources of external actors Bounded rationality Bounded reliability The MNE’s unique resource base †¢ Physical resources (natural resources, buildings, plant equipment). †¢ Financial resources (equity and loan capital) †¢ Human resources (individuals and teams, entrepreneurial and operational skills). Upstream knowledge (sourcing knowledge, product and process-related technological knowledge). †¢ Downstream knowledge (marketing, sales, distribution and after sales service). †¢ Admin istrative knowledge (organizational structure, culture and systems). †¢ Reputational resources (brand names, reputation for honest business dealings). International transferability of FSAs? †¢ Paradox: If the FSA consists of easily codifiable knowledge (i. e. , if it can be articulated explicitly, as in a handbook or blueprint), then it can be cheaply transferred abroad, but it can also be easily imitated by other firms.Though expensive and time-consuming to transfer tacit knowledge across borders, the benefit to the MNE is that this knowledge is also difficult to imitate. It is often a key source of competitive advantage when doing business abroad. Some FSAs are not transferable abroad: location-bound locationFSAs (1) Four main types: †¢ Stand-alone resources linked to location advantages (privileged retail locations). †¢ Local marketing knowledge and reputational resources, such as brand names (may not be applicable to a host country context, or valued to the s ame extent). Local best practices (i. e. routines), such as incentive systems or buyer-supplier relations (may not work abroad). †¢ Domestic recombination capability (may not work in foreign markets – e. g. , because co-location of resources is needed). Some FSAs are not transferable abroad: location-bound locationFSAs (2) †¢ Even if transferability of the relevant resources were technically possible, this does not mean potential for profitable deployment, i. e. the resource bundles that may be transferable from a technical perspective (e. g. , the way n which a product is marketed at home), do not constitute an FSA abroad. Location advantages †¢ Entire set of strengths of a location, and accessible by firms in that location. †¢ Should always be assessed relative to the strengths of other locations. †¢ Instrumental to FSAs Motivations for foreign expansion †¢ Natural resource seeking – Verbeke: physical, financial or human resources †¢ Market seeking †¢ Strategic resource seeking – e. g. , knowledge, finance †¢ Efficiency seeking – E. g. , low labor cost Case: Honda in the USA Background Prior to 1970s exports of motorcycles and cars †¢ Drivers of foreign production: – Rising value of the yen against US$ – Fear of import restrictions – The Clean Air Act in the US – First oil crisis †¢ Motivation for expansion (natural resource, market, strategic resource, efficiency seeking? ) Honda’s approach †¢ After four-year decision process Honda of America Manufacturing established in Marysville, Ohio, in 1978 †¢ Top priority: attain Japanese-level quality and efficiency – – – – – Selection of employees Training program Fly in managers and workers from Japan Develop lean supplier network Upgrade supplier quality level 1980: start production of cars †¢ Present: 9 production plants in USA Honda’s FSAs †¢ Non-location bound FSAs: – – – – – – – Know-how four-strike engines with optimal power-to-weight ratio Management principles Quality systems Employee selection processes Training and knowledge transfer routines Manufacturing expertise Supplier management approach †¢ †¢ Location-bound FSAs in the host country: – High demand for specific products Resource recombination: – – – Use four-strike engines in many products (motorcycles, small cars, generators, †¦) Design and manufacturing skills + knowledge of consumer preferences in USA Melding existing and new resources through management exchange program Exploit new capabilities worldwide Complementary resources of external actors †¢ Opportunity to study American way of production at Ford †¢ Extensive use of American experts and consultants (especially for selecting location) †¢ Critical role of suppliers Bounded rationality issues lack of knowledge local conditions †¢ Suppliers’ lack of familiarity with Honda †¢ New employees lack of familiarity with â€Å"The Honda Way† Bounded reliability issues †¢ Moral hazard/adverse selection employees †¢ American managers have local priorities Deliberate strategy? Agenda for next lecture 1. 2. 3. 4. Four types of MNEs Recombination Bounded rationality & reliability Firm-specific advantages (FSAs) †¢ Cases: 3M & IKEA †¢ Literature: Textbook chapter 1 (pp 33-76) + chapter 2 NB: Class will be in SZ 31